Contrasting ideas: 'although', 'despite' and others

Do you know how to connect two contrasting ideas with words like although and despite? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how although, even though, in spite of and despite are used.

Although we don't agree, I think she's a brilliant speaker.
Even though we don't agree, I think she's a brilliant speaker.
In spite of the law, people continue to use mobile phones while driving.
Despite the law, people continue to use mobile phones while driving.
It's illegal to use mobile phones while driving. People still do it, though.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1: 'in spite of', 'despite', 'although', 'even though' and 'though': Grammar test 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Although, even though, in spite of and despite are all used to link two contrasting ideas or show that one fact makes the other fact surprising. They can all be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

Despite the rain, we enjoyed the festival.
We enjoyed the festival, despite the rain.

The main difference between although, even though, in spite of and despite is that they are used with different structures.

in spite of / despite

After in spite of and despite, we use a noun, gerund (-ing form of a verb) or a pronoun.

They never made much money, in spite of their success.
In spite of the pain in his leg, he completed the marathon.
Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday.
The train was cancelled. In spite of that, we arrived on time.

Note that it is common to use in spite of and despite with the expression the fact that, followed by a subject and verb.

In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam.
Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam.

although / even though

After although and even though, we use a subject and a verb. Even though is slightly stronger and more emphatic than although.

I enjoyed the course, although I would have liked more grammar practice.
Although we saw each other every day, we didn't really know each other.
Even though she spoke very quietly, he understood every word.
She didn't get the job, even though she had all the necessary qualifications.

though

Though can be used in the same way as although.

Though I wasn't keen on the film, I thought the music was beautiful.

Though can also go at the end of the second phrase. This way of expressing contrasting ideas is most common in spoken English.

We waited ages for our food. The waiter was really nice, though.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2: 'in spite of', 'despite', 'although', 'even though' and 'though': Grammar test 2

Try another grammar lesson

Language level

B1 Intermediate

Hello,

A: What would your dream home look like?
B: I don't really care, but I want to have an outdoor grill.
A: So, you want to have a grill regardless of your accommodation being a flat, a house, or a hut in the woods.
B: Not a hut, I guess, but regardless of it being a house or a flat.

Can 'regardless accommodation/it being' be used in these sentences?

Thank you

Hello Tony,

Yes. Regardless of is followed by an object (since 'of' is a preposition one must follow) and this can be an -ing form. If we want to indicate who the -ing form describes then we can use an object pronoun or (in a rather old-fashioned form) a possessive adjective:

1. I like him regardless of sometimes being a fool. [here it is the speaker 'I' who is sometimes a fool]
2. I like him regardless of him sometimes being a fool. [here it is 'him' who is sometimes a fool]
3. I like him regardless of his sometimes being a fool. [a rather more old-fashioned variant with the same meaning as sentence 2]

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Hello Team,

I won the race ---------coming last in the practice run

I'm not clear with in spite of what about even though please explain for me

Hello Kasgentle,

'in spite of' is correct here; you could also say 'despite'. 'even though' has the right meaning, but it's not correct to use a verb in the '-ing' form after 'even though'. Instead, we use a subject + verb. 'I won the race even though I came last in the practice run' would be correct because it has 'I came' instead of 'coming'.

Does that make sense?

All the best,
Kirk
LearnEnglish team

Hello team,

How do I understand 'having' in the sentence"Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday.", a gerund or a present participle

Hello cchenji,

The word 'despite' is a preposition and prepositions are followed by objects (nouns or noun phrases). The -ing form here is therefore a gerund, not a participle.

The distinction between gerund and participle is one which comes originally from the study of Latin and it is one which modern grammars tend to avoid as being not really relevant to modern English. These grammars use the term -ing form for all uses. The relevant wikipedia page references this:

Traditional grammar makes a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

In the sentence "Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday," the word "having" is functioning as a gerund.

Here’s why:

Gerund: A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing that functions as a noun. In this sentence, "having a headache" acts as the object of the preposition "despite." The phrase "having a headache" as a whole serves as the noun (or noun phrase) that is the object of "despite."
Present participle: A present participle also ends in -ing, but it typically functions as an adjective, modifying a noun, or is used in forming continuous verb tenses.

To further clarify, let’s break down the sentence:

"Despite" is a preposition.
The phrase "having a headache" is the object of the preposition "despite."
Within that phrase, "having" is derived from the verb "to have" and, in this context, takes the form of a gerund.

So, in this case, "having" is a gerund because it is part of the noun phrase "having a headache" that follows the preposition "despite."

Hi, I don't realy get this one: My partner snores really loudly but ___in spite of __ that I sleep well.

I can't understand why we put "in spite of" right after "but"?

Hi Stellayennipham,

In spite of can be used to begin a sentence:

My partner snores really loudly. In spite of that I sleep well.

If we want to use it in the middle of a sentence we need to add but:

My partner snores really loudly but in spite of that I sleep well.

There are quite a lot of words and phrases that function like this. Some use 'and' (e.g. in addition, as well as that), some use 'but' (e.g. nevertheless, in contrast) and some use 'or' (e.g. alternatively, otherwise).

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team