Look at these examples to see how participle clauses are used.
Looked after carefully, these boots will last for many years.
Not wanting to hurt his feelings, I avoided the question.
Having lived through difficult times together, they were very close friends.
Try this exercise to test your grammar.
- Grammar test 1
Read the explanation to learn more.
Grammar explanation
Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way. They are formed using present participles (going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.), past participles (gone, read, seen, walked, etc.) or perfect participles (having gone, having read, having seen, having walked, etc.).
We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main clause have the same subject. For example,
Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea. (While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.)
Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause.
Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary, academic or journalistic style.
Present participle clauses
Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Note that present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs.
- To give the result of an action
The bomb exploded, destroying the building. - To give the reason for an action
Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book. - To talk about an action that happened at the same time as another action
Standing in the queue, I realised I didn't have any money. - To add information about the subject of the main clause
Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre.
Past participle clauses
Here are some common ways that we use past participle clauses. Note that past participles normally have a passive meaning.
- With a similar meaning to an if condition
Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise. (If you use participles in this way, … ) - To give the reason for an action
Worried by the news, she called the hospital. - To add information about the subject of the main clause
Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.
Perfect participle clauses
Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause. Perfect participles can be structured to make an active or passive meaning.
Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.
Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.
Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.
Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions
It is also common for participle clauses, especially with -ing, to follow conjunctions and prepositions such as before, after, instead of, on, since, when, while and in spite of.
Before cooking, you should wash your hands.
Instead of complaining about it, they should try doing something positive.
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.
Do this exercise to test your grammar again.
- Grammar test 2
Hello, teachers.
I have a question about the participle phrase.
Here is the sentence: Potatoes are easy to grow, making them a perfect crop for farmers in the developing world.
I think the subject of the participle phrase is a relative pronoun referring to the previous sentence: Potatoes are easy to grow, which makes them a perfect crop for farmers in the developing world. ( Here, the relative pronoun 'which' indicates that "potatoes are easy to grow.")
However, if it is right, "making" in the original sentence becomes a dangling participle. - it is not true at all...
Could you explain? or Is there any reference that I can take a look at?
Hello Suiholic,
Not all relative clauses reference a single part of the main clause. Sometimes the relative pronoun references the whole of the main clause. For example:
The relative pronoun refers to the whole of the main clause, not just on word or phrase in it. If we use a participle (...making me...) then this is still true.
Your example works in the same way: '...making...' refers to the whole of the main clause, providing a comment upon it.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello! 😀
Can the bracketed clause in the sentence below be considered a past participle (-ed) clause? Or only the regular past participle is considered for an -ed clause?
Such works-(often sold for vast sums of money)-have attracted many sceptics.
If it is not a past participle -ed clause, is it an irregular past participle -ed clause?
Thank you very much!
Amanda
Hello Amanda24680,
Whether a verb is regular or not does not affect the grammatical structures it can be used in.
I think your clause here is a reduced relative clause (also called an adjective clause):
Such works, which are often sold for vast sums of money, have attracted many sceptics.
It is possible to omit the relative pronoun and verb (which are). The clause is a non-defining relative clause, meaning it contains non-essential, additional information.
Here are some helpful links on the topic:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/relative-pronouns-relative-clauses
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/relative-clauses-defining-relative-clauses
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/relative-clauses-non-defining-relative-clauses
https://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2015/10/10/grammar-beyond-7/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_relative_clause
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/relative-clauses-defining-and-non-defining
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello ,
I have a question ... At school we took that we can use in the past participle clauses (After +being + past participle )
I wanted to know the difference between (After +being+ p.p) and (Having been +p.p ) and when should i use each one of them.
Thanks in advance
(sorry if i have any mistakes but english is not my naitve language)
Hi RETAJ GABER,
Thanks for your question, and no need to apologise! Everyone is welcome to comment here, whether beginner or advanced.
There is no difference in meaning between those two structures.
Jonathan
LearnEnglish team
Sir, I have one question about using 'Perfect Participle'. In the example above, there is a sentence that makes me get confused: - "Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors". Why do we use 'will'? Can we also use present tense? Please advise
Hello iqulay_2023,
You can use the present or a modal like 'will' here:
The first sentence describes a fact: it tells us that they have finished and they are doctors already. The second sentence is a prediction: the speaker is drawing a logical conclusion that since they have finished their training they must now be doctors. Another example may clarify this:
The speaker does not know for sure that the other person is at work, but can logically assume it based on what is known.
Predictions like this can be about the future as well as the present. For example:
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello,
My question is about when+participle, text books say that the participle should agree with the subject in the main
clause:
- We should be extremely attentive when discussing such matters. (we should be... when we discuss)
But very often I come across sentences in which when + ing clauses convey some ideas that can be inherited from the context, or they are just general:
- It's Sod's law that it will rain when going for a picnic. (whenever you/we go somewhere for a picnic)
- It is important to stay positive when trying to lose weight. (the author of this sentence addresses any reader who wants to lose weight)
- Is it right that 'mallet' and 'hammer' can be synomyms when talking about tools? (just a general idea: when people, you, we, they talk)
Do these sound natural to you?
It might be confusing when we have two subjects, and it's unclear which one of those two the participle should agree with, for example:
- Fred met Mary in Paris when travelling abroad. It was Mary that was travelling; Fred had always lived in Paris.
Does it make sense?
Tony
Hello Tony_M,
The idea is that we understand the implied subject of the -ing form to be inherited from ('inherit' -- I like how you worded that) the subject of the main clause.
For this reason, when they hear a sentence such as 'Fred met Mary in Paris when travelling abroad', most will assume that Fred is the one who was travelling. The explanation that comes after that sentence is definitely not what would generally be understood; this pair of sentences is definitely to be avoided. Even if Fred is the one who was travelling, really, this sort of sentence is best rephrased due to the possible ambiguity.
The other sentences you ask about sound OK to me, though if I were writing, I'd most likely rephrase them to avoid the situation you're asking about. It might help you to think that these sentences have what's often called a 'dummy subject'. The subject pronoun 'it' doesn't really refer to anything; it's really just filling a syntactic gap that English doesn't generally allow to be left empty.
Does that make sense?
Best wishes,
Kirk
LearnEnglish team